The Tangled Roots of Feminism, Environmentalism, and Appalachian LiteratureContemporaries were shocked when author Mary Noailles Murfree revealed she was a woman, but modern readers may be more surprised by her cogent discussion of community responses to unwanted development. Effie Waller Smith, an African American woman writing of her love for the Appalachian mountains, wove discussions of womens rights, racial tension, and cultural difference into her Appalachian poetry. Grace MacGowan Cooke participated in avant garde